-
Kwong
TC, Ryan RM. Detection of
intrauterine illicit drug exposure by newborn drug testing.
Clin Chem 1997;43;235-42.
-
The
Office of Applied Studies. Mid-Year
1998 Preliminary Emergency Department Data from the Drug Abuse Warning
Network. Dept. Health
Human Services Rockville, MD: 1999.
-
McCaig
LF. National Hospital
Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 1992 Emergency Department Summary.
US Health Human Services, 1994.
-
Litovitz
TL, Klein-Schwartz W, Caravati EM, Youniss J, Crouch B, Lee S.
1988 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison
Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System.
Am J Emerg Med 1999;17:435-87.
-
Durback
LF, Scharman EJ, Brown R. Emergency
physician’s perceptions of drug screens at their own hospitals
[abstract]. J Toxicol
Clin Toxicol 1996;34:626-7.
-
Jerrard
DA. “Designer drugs”
—a current perspective. J
Emerg Med 1990;8:733-41.
-
Ruttenber
AJ. Stalking the elusive
designer drugs: techniques for monitoring new problems in drug abuse.
J Addict Dis 1991;11:71-87.
-
Jarvie
DR, Simpson D. Drug
screening: evaluation of the Toxi-Lab TLC system.
Ann Clin Biochem 1986;23:76-84.
-
Kalasinsky
KS, Schaefer T, Binder SR. Forensic
application of an automated drug-profiling system. J Anal Toxicol 1995;19:412-8.
-
Brooks
KE, Smith NB. Versatile,
efficient system for extracting drugs from urine for gas
chromatographic/mass spectrometric analysis.
Clin Chem 1989;35:2100-3.
-
Fitzgerald
RL, Rivera JD, Herold DA. Broad
spectrum drug identification directly from urine, using liquid
chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
Clin Chem 1999;45:1224-34.
-
Levine
BS, Smith ML. Effects of
diphenhydramine on immunoassays of phencyclidine in urine.
Clin Chem 1990;35:1258.
-
Poklis
A, Edinboro LE, Lee JS, Crooks CR.
Evaluation of a colloidal metal immunoassay device for the
detection of tricyclic antidepressants in urine.
J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1997;35:77-82.
-
El
Sohly MA, Salamone SJ. Prevalence
of drugs used in cases of alleged sexual assault. J Anal Toxicol
1999;23:141-6.
-
McNall
M, Remafedi G. Relationship
of amphetamine and other substance use to unprotected intercourse
among young men who have sex with men.
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1999;153:1130-5.
-
Selden
BS, Clark RF, Curry SC. Marijuana.
Emerg Med Clin North Am 1990;8:527-39.
-
Mofenson
HC, Caraccio TR. Toxidromes.
Comp Ther 1985;11:46-52.
-
Nice
A, Leikin JB, Maturen A, Madsen-Konczyk LJ, Zell M, Hryhorczuk DO.
Toxidrome recognition to improve efficiency of emergency urine
drug screens. Ann Emerg
Med 1988;17:676-80.
-
Bosse
GM, Matyunas NJ. Delayed
toxidromes. J Emerg Med
1999;17:679-90.
-
Raymond
RC, Warren M, Morris RW, Leikin JB.
Periodicity of presentations of drugs of abuse and overdose in
an emergency department. Clin
Toxicol 1992;30:467-78.
-
Manyike
PT, Kharasch ED, Kalhorn TF, Slattery JT.
Contribution of CYP2E1 and CYP3A to acetaminophen reactive
metabolite formation. Clin
Pharmacol Therap 2000;67:275-82.
-
Smood
J. Acetaminophen. In: Abhababian RV, Emergency medicine. The core curriculum.
Lippincott-Raven, Philadephia, 1998:1010-4.
-
Rumack
BH. Acetaminophen
overdose in children and adolescents.
Pediatr Clin North AM 1986;33:691-701.
-
Sporer
KA, Khayam-Bashi H. Acetaminophen
and salicylate serum levels in patients with suicidal ingestion or
altered mental status. Am
J Emerg Med 1996;14:443-6.
-
Ashbourne
JF, Olson KR, Khayam-Bashi H. Value
of rapid screening for acetaminophen in all patients with intentional
drug overdose. Ann Emerg
Med 1989;18:1035-38.
-
Camara
PD, Audette L, Velletri K, Breitenbecher P, Rosner M, Griffiths WC.
False-positive immunoassay results for urine benzodiazepine in
patients receiving oxaprozin (Daypro).
Clin Chem 1995;41:115-6.
-
Lee
PR, Shahala DE. Changes
to the cutoff levels for opiates for Federal Workplace Drug Testing
Programs. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
Fed Register 1995;60:575-85.
-
Anderson
D, McComb R, Bowers GN, Hill D. Exploring
currently used threshold concentrations on drug of abuse testing.
[Abstract] Clin Chem
1991;37:993.
-
Meatherall
R. Benzodiazepine
screening using EMIT IIâ
and TDxâ:
urine hydrolysis pretreatment required.
J Anal Toxicol 1994;18;385-90.
-
Simonsson
P, Linden A, Lindberg S. Effect
of b–glucuronidase
on urinary benzodiazepine concentrations determined by fluorescence
polarization immunoassay. Clin
Chem 1995;41:920-3.
-
Meatherall
RC, Fraser AD. CEDIA dau
benzodiazepine screening assay: a reformulation.
J Anal Toxicol 1998;22:270-3.
-
Koch
TR. Raglin RL, Kirk S, Bruni JF.
Improved screening for benzodiazepine metabolites in urine
using the Triage Panel for Drugs of Abuse.
J Anal Toxicol 1994;18:168-72.
-
Stanley
S, Jeganathan A, Wood T, Henry P, Turner S, Woods WE, et al.
Morphine and etorphine: XIV> Detection by ELISA in equine
urine. J Anal Toxicol
1991;15:305-10.
-
Runciman
WB. Sympathomimetic
amines. Anaesth Int Care
1980;8:289-309.
-
D’Nicuola
J, Jones R, Levine B, Smith ML. Evaluation
of six commercial amphetamine and methamphetamine immunoassays for
cross-reactivity to phenylpropanolamine and ephedrine in urine.
J Anal Toxicol 1993;16:211-3.
-
Turner
GJ, Colbert DL, Chowdry BZ. A
broad spectrum immunoassay using fluorescence polarization for the
detection of amphetamines in urine.
Ann Clin Biochem 1991;28:588-94.
-
Wu
AHB, Hill DW, Crouch D, Hodnett CN, mcCurdy HH.
Minimal standards for the performance and interpretation of
toxicology tests in legal proceedings.
J Foren Sci 1999;44:516-22.
-
Forensic
Toxicology Laboratory Guidelines.
Society of Forensic Toxicologists Inc., Colorodo Springs, CO;
1991.
-
Kwong
TC, Jenny RW, Jortani SA, Pinder RD.
Clinical breath alcohol testing.
Proposed quality assurance guidelines. Am Assoc Clin Chem TDM
Toxicol Division, 2000.
-
Highway
safety programs; conforming products list of screening devices to
measure alcohol in bodily fluids.
Fed Regist 1994;59:61923-4.
-
National
Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards: User Demonstration of
Performance for Precision and Accuracy; proposed guideline. NCCLS
Document EP-15, Wayne, PA.
-
Gerson
B. Alcohol.
Clin Lab Med 1990;10:355-74.
-
McMartin
KE, Ambre JJ Tephly TR. Methanol
poisoning in human subjects. Role
for formic acid accumulation in the metabolic acidosis.
Am J Med 1980;68:414-8.
-
Jacobsen
D, Hewlett TP, Webb R, Brown ST, Ordinario AT, McMartin KE.
Ethylene glycol intoxication: evaluation of kinetics and
crystalluria. Am J Med
1988;84:145-52.
-
Brent
J, McMartin K, Phillips S, Burkhart KK, Donovan JW, Wells M, Kulig K.
Fomepizole for the treatment of ethylene glycol poisoning.
Methylpyrazole for Toxic Alcohols Study Group.
N Engl J Med 1999;450:832-8.
-
Burns
MJ, Graudins A, Aaron CK, McMartin K, Brent J.
Treatment of methanol poison with intravenous 4-methylpyrazole.
Ann Emerg Med 1997;30:829-32.
-
Vinet
B. An enzymic assay for
the specific determination of methanol in serum.
Clin Chem 1987;33:2204-8.
-
Ochs
ML, Glick MR, Ryder KW, Moorehead WR.
Improved method for emergency screening for ethylene glycol in
serum. Clin Chem
1988;34:1507-8.39.
-
Eder
AF, McGrath CM, Dowdy YG, Tomaszewski JE, Rosenberg FM, Wilson RB,
Wolf BA, Shaw LM. Ethylene
glycol poisoning: toxicokinetic and analytical factors affecting
laboratory diagnosis. Clin Chem 1998;44:168-77.
-
Jarvie
DR, Simpson D. Simple
screening tests for the emergency identification of methanol and
ethylene glycol in poisoned patients.
Clin Chem 1990;36:1957-61.
-
Hoffman
RS, Smilkstein MJ, Howland MA, Goldfrank LR.
Osmolal gaps revisited: normal values and limitations.
J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1993;31:81-93.
-
Glaser
DS. Utility of the serum
osmolal gap in the diagnosis of methanol or ethylene glycol ingestion. Ann Emerg Med 1996;27:343-6.
-
Aabakken
L, Johansen KS, Rydningen EB, Bredesen JE, Ovrebo S, Jacobsen D.
Osmolal and anion gaps in patients admitted to an emergency
medicine department. Human
Exp Toxicol 1994;13:131-4.
-
Inaba
H, Hirasawa H, Mizuguchi T. Serum
osmolality gap in postoperative patients in intensive care.
Lancet 1987;8546:1331-5.
-
Braden
GL, Strayhorn CH, Germain MJ, Mulhern JG, Skutches CL. Increased osmolal gap in alcoholic acidosis.
Arch Intern Med 1993;153:2377-80.
-
Warden
CR. Alcohols. In:
Abhababian RV, Emergency medicine. The core curriculum.
Lippincott-Raven, Philadephia, 1998:1021-3.
-
Legal
E. Über eine neue
Acetonreaktion und deren Verwendbarkeit zur Harnuntersuchung.
Chem Zbl 1883;14:652.
-
Csako
G. False positive results
for ketone with the drug mesna and other free-sulfhydryl compounds. Clin Chem 1987;33:289-92.
-
Beasley
DM, Glass WI. Cyanide
poisoning: pathophysiology and treatment recommendations.
Occ Med 1998;48:427-31.
-
Vesey
CJ, McAllister H, Langford RM. A
simple, rapid and sensitive semimicro method for the measurement of
cyanide in blood. Ann
Clin Biochem 1999;36:755-8.
-
Baud
FJ, Barriot P, Toffis V, Riou B, Vicaut E, Lecarpentier Y, Bourdon R,
Astier A, Bismuth C. Elevated
blood cyanide concentrations in victims of smoke inhalation.
N Engl J Med 1991;325:1761-6.
-
Hall
AH and Rumack BH. Cyanide. In: Clinical Management of Poisoning and
Drug Overdose (LM Haddad and JF Winchester, Eds.) W.B. Saunders
Company, Philadelphia, 1990, page 1103-11.
-
Katona
B, Wason S. Superwarfarin
poisoning. J Emerg Med
1989;7:627-31.
-
Roper,
W.L., Houk, V.N., Falk, H., Binder, S.: Preventing lead poisoning in
young children: A statement by the Centers for Disease Control.
Atlanta, GA, Centers for Disease Control, 1991. US Department of
Health and Human Services publication PB92–155076/HDM.
-
Gossel
TA and Bricker JD. In: Principles of Clinical Toxicology, 3rd
Ed. Raven Press, New
York, 1994, page187-8.
-
Moyer
TP. Toxic Metals. In: Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemstiry, 3rd
Ed (CA Burtis, ER Ashwoods, Eds.) W. B. Saunders Company,
Philadelphia, 1999: 987-9.
-
Price
RG, Taylor SA, Chivers I, Arce-Tomas M, Crutcher E, Franchini I, et
al. Development and
validation of new screening tests for nephrotoxic effects.
Human Exp Toxicol 1996;15(suppl):S10-9.
-
Clegg
DJ, van Gemert M. Expert panel report of human studies on chlorpyrifos
and/or other organophosphate exposures.
J Toxicol Environ Health 1999;2:257-79.
-
Wilson
BW, Sanborn JR, O’Malley MA, Henderson JD, Billitti JR. Monitoring the pesticide-exposed worker.
Occ Med 1997;12:347-63.
-
Porter
WH. Clinical Toxicology. In: Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry, 3rd
Ed (CA Burtis, ER Ashwoods, Eds.) W. B. Saunders Company,
Philadelphia, 1999: 939-40.
-
Donald
JM, Hooper K. Hopenhayn-Rich C. Reproductive
and developmental toxicity of toluene: a review.
Environ Health Persp 1991;94:237-44.
-
Hormes
JT, Filley CM, Rosenberg NL. Neurologic
sequelae of chronic solvent vapor abuse.
Neurol 1986;36:697-702.
-
Ikeda
M. Exposure to complex
mixtures: implications for biological monitoring.
Toxicol Letters 1995;77:85-91.
-
Broussard
L. Inhalants.
In: Levine B, Principles of Forensic Toxicology.
AACC Press, Washington DC, 1999:346.
-
Ogata
M, Taguchi T. Simultaneous
determination of urinary creatinine and metabolites of toluene,
xylene, styrene, ethylbenzene and phenol by automated high performance
liquid chromatography. Int
Arch Occ Environ Health 1988;61:131-40.
-
Christiani
DC, Chang SH, Chun BC, Lee WJ. Urinary
excretion of hippuric acid after consumption of nonalcoholic
beverages. Int J Occ
Environ Health 2000;6:238-42.
-
Clifford
MN, Copeland EL, Bloxsidge JP, Mitchell LA.
Hippuric acid as a major excretion produce associated with
black tea consumption. Xenobiotica
2000;30:317-26.